|
Rule 5.7: The suffix "ze" |
|
pan-vo
|
weakness
|
pan-vo
|
to
weaken
|
pan-vo-ze
|
weak
|
|
t`a
|
darkness
|
t`a
|
to
darken
|
t`a-ze
|
dark
|
Past participle as adjective:
|
dak
|
fat
|
dak
|
to
get fat
|
dak-ze
|
swelled
|
|
pan-lul
|
weeping
|
pan-lul
|
toweep
|
pan-lul-ze
|
wept
|
Present perfect of the sentences is built by putting the verb “kewa” (have, has) before the main verb.
|
(ka)
kewa adu-ze
|
have
lost (himself)
|
|
(ka)
kewa akut-nga-ze Mangani
|
have
taught Mangani himself
|
|
kewa
kree-ze
|
have
destroyed
|
Other examples:
|
ado
|
clenness
|
ado
|
to
clean
|
ado-ze
|
cleaned
|
|
akut-nga
|
training
|
nga’kut
|
to
teach
|
akut-nga-ze
|
trained
|
|
ban
|
change
|
ban
|
to
exchange
|
ban-ze
|
changed
|
|
dak
|
fat
|
dak
|
to
get fat
|
dak-ze
|
greasy
|
|
dom
|
judgment
|
dom
|
to
judge
|
dom-ze
|
judged
|
|
id-do
|
brightness
|
id-do
|
to
shine
|
id-do-ze
|
shone
|
|
kree
|
disaster
|
kree
|
to
destroy
|
kree-ze
|
harmful
|
Common adjective:
|
es-ze
|
rough
|
|
fee`ta-ze
|
stupid
|
|
t`dane-ze
|
honest
|
|
t`litu-ze
|
blunt
|
|
t`fee-ah-ze
|
ugly
|
|
Rule 5.8:The suffix "ag" |
|
el
|
gracefulness
|
el-ze
|
funny
|
el-ag
|
funnier
|
|
fee
|
congeniality
|
fee-ze
|
congenial
|
fee-ag
|
more
congenial
|
|
gu-mado
|
aching
|
gu-mado-ze
|
sick
|
gu-mado-ag
|
sicker
|
|
koho
|
warmimg
|
koho-ze
|
hot
|
koho-ag
|
hotter
|
|
sord
|
bad
|
sord-ze
|
bad
|
sord-ag
|
worse
|
|
zuvo
|
fortress
|
zuvo-ze
|
strong
|
zuvo-ag
|
stronger
|
Other examples:
|
es-ag
|
rougher
|
|
fee`ta-ag
|
more
stupid
|
|
t`dane-ag
|
more
honest
|
|
t`litu-ag
|
blunter
|
|
t`fee-ah-ag
|
uglier
|
|
Rule 5.9: The suffix "ah" |
|
buk
|
movement
|
|
buk-ah
|
unexpected
event
|
|
der
|
request
|
|
der-ah
|
exigency
|
|
gree
|
love
|
|
gree-ah
|
adoration
|
|
hane
|
work
|
|
hane-ah
|
to
create
|
|
knu
|
question
|
|
knu-ah
|
investigation
|
|
rem
|
to
catch
|
|
rem-ah
|
to
grasp
|
|
Rule 5.10: Other words as affixes |
|
wang
|
|
arm
|
|
ba
wang
|
b’wang
|
hand
|
|
ba
wang-gash
|
b’wang-gash
|
knife
|
|
tho
|
|
mouth
|
|
ba
tho
|
b’tho
|
tongue
|
|
zan
|
|
skin
|
|
ba
zan
|
b’zan
|
hair
|
The word “do” which means “act”, can be used as suffix:
|
akut
|
intelligence
|
|
akut-do
|
to
understand
|
|
amba
|
to
fall
|
|
amba-do
|
to
slip
|
|
kor
|
to
walk
|
|
kor-do
|
to
dance
|
|
yo
|
friend
|
|
yo-do
|
to
thank for
|
|
Rule 6: Plurals |
|
wala
|
house
|
ho-wala
|
many
nest. Houses. village
|
|
kando
|
ant
|
eho-kando
|
ants
|
|
dan
|
rock
|
eho-dan
|
rocks,
(adv.always)
|
|
rota
|
happiness,
laugh
|
eho-rota
|
much
happiness
|
|
Rule 7: Pronouns |
|
spkr
-
|
rem
sopu
|
I
bring fruit
|
|
spkr
-
|
spkr,
rem sopu
|
I,
spkr,
bring fruit
|
|
spkr
-
|
(pointing
to him, lstr) rem sopu
|
you,
lstr,
bring fruit
|
|
spkr
-
|
lstr,
unk rem sopu!
|
you,
lstr,
go and bring fruit!
|
|
spkr
-
|
othr,
rem sopu
|
he,
othr,
brings fruit
|
|
spkr
-
|
meea
sopu
|
it
produces fruit
|
|
spkr
-
|
(hand
in chest, later pointing) rem sopu!
|
we
bring fruit.
|
|
spkr
-
|
(pointing
to us) rem sopu!
|
you
all bring fruit!
|
|
spkr
-
|
(pointing
to them) rem sopu!
|
they
bring fruit!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Common gender
|
mubalu
|
daughter
|
|
bubalu
|
son
|
|
mu-akuto
|
a
female teacher
|
|
bu-akuto
|
amaleteacher
|
|
mu-yo
|
a
girl friend
|
|
bu-yo
|
a
boy friend
|
Some other nouns do not need to be expressed this way because its sex is defined, e.g.:
|
numa
|
lion
|
|
sabor
|
lioness
|
|
tantor
|
male
elephant
|
|
torda
|
female
elephant
|
|
kalo
|
cow
|
|
klu
|
hen
|
|
tanklu
|
rooster
|
|
Rule 8: Demonstrative and possessives adjectives |
|
wo
|
this
|
|
wob
|
that
|
|
wo
wala yud zu
|
this
house is big
|
|
wob
sord tarmangani gogo nur
|
that
bad Tarmangani tells lies
|
|
wob
kalo yud lufo ho wala
|
that
cow is near the village
|
Possessive adjectives agree with the thing possessed.
|
emo
|
my
|
|
eto
|
your
|
|
ebo
|
his
|
|
ema
|
her
|
|
ebo,
ema
|
its
|
|
ora
|
our
|
|
ius
|
your
|
|
eth
|
their
|
Examples:
|
wob
yud ora wala
|
that
is our hose
|
|
eth
ho wala yud zu-ze
|
their
houses are big
|
|
ema
balu kewa gu-mado-ze
|
her
son is sick
|
|
kewa
amba-eta-ze eto bund-rala
|
I
have found your weapon
|
The English possessive adjective “Its”
The adjective “Its” (m. ebo, ema) can be used to express possession
with respect to an animal, human being or plant.
|
ebo
balu
|
his
son
|
|
ema
balu
|
her
son
|
|
balu
ul Numa
|
son
of lion
|
cub
|
|
balu
ul Tarmangani
|
son
of man
|
boy
|
|
balu
ul den-eta
|
son
of plant
|
sprout
|
|
Mangani in Present Tense |
|
amba
|
fall,
to fall, falling
|
|
aro
|
shot,
to shoot, shooting
|
|
bund
|
end,
to end, ending
|
|
da
|
force,
to force, forcing
|
|
hane
|
fact,
work, to do, to make, making, doing
|
|
id-do
|
brightness,
to shine, shinning
|
|
kewa
|
possession,
to have, to possesses, having
|
|
knu
|
question,
to ask, questioning
|
|
pane
|
cover,
to wrap, packing
|
|
t`unk
|
expectation,
to wait, waiting
|
|
tawa
|
scratch,
to scratch, scratching
|
|
utor-do
|
fright,
to frighten, frightening
|
|
uze
|
use,
to use, using
|
Figurative Dialog
|
Ape
–
|
Barkak-unk-wala,
unk-Tarzan. Tarzan
unk?
|
Barkak
go home, with Tarzan. Tarzan go?
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tarzan
-
|
Tarzan
tand-unk-wala, Tarzan unk-lul
|
Tarzan
no go home. Tarzan go-water.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ape
–
|
Tarzan
rem pisah? (unk-rem-pisah)
|
Tarzan
fish?
|
|
Tarzan
-
|
Tarzan
tand-rem pisah. Tarzan lul-kor (unk-lul-kor)
|
Tarzan
no fish. Tarzan swimming.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ape
-
|
Unk-yat,
zu-horta-lu
|
Look!,
big-Horta-fierce.
|
|
Tarzan
-
|
Yato-e?
|
Where?
|
|
Ape
-
|
Gugu
zu den, lufo gom-lul
|
In
front of big tree, close to river.
|
|
Tarzan
-
|
Kreeg-horta,
eho-da zutho
|
Danger
Horta, force in big mouth.
|
|
Ape
-
|
Tarzan
utor?(yud utor-ze)
|
Tarzan
frightened?
|
|
Tarzan
-
|
Tand-utor.
Horta bund-eta, Tarzan bundolo Horta
|
No,
if Horta try to attack, Tarzan will kill
Horta.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mangani in Present Perfect tense |
|
(ka)
kewa adu-ze
|
have
lost (himself)
|
|
(ka)
kewa akut-nga-ze Mangani
|
have
taught Mangani himself
|
|
kewa
kree-ze
|
have
destroyed
|
|
Tantor
kewa kree-ze eta-wala
|
Tantor
have destroyed the shelter
|
|
|
|
More examples:
|
goda
|
surrender
|
|
ka-goda
|
surrender
(oneself)
|
|
ka
kewa goda-ze
|
(I)(you)(he)
have/has surrendered
|
|
|
|
|
abu-nala
|
to
stand up
|
|
ka-abu-nala
|
you,
stand up!
|
|
ka
kewa abu-nala-ze
|
(I)(you)(he)
have/has stood up
|
|
|
|
|
akut-gogo
|
to
advise
|
|
ka
akut-gogo
|
advise
(you)(me)
|
|
ka
kewa akut-gogo-ze
|
(you)(he)
have/has advised me
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mangani in Past |
|
a-rand
|
yesterday
|
|
ho-a-rand
|
some
years ago, some days ago
|
|
eho-a-rand
|
many
years ago, many days ago
|
|
ho-goro-rand
|
some
nights ago
|
|
ho-kudu-rand
|
some
days ago
|
|
a-rand,
knu-do eho rea ul Magani
|
yesterday,
(I) learned many words of the Mangani
|
|
|
|
|
kewa
knu-do-ze eho rea ul Mangani
|
(I)
have learned many words of the Mangani
|
|
|
|
|
Ho-goro-rand,
eho lu-kando lana zee ul Tarzan. Tarzan,
balu-den bund ho-kando. Ga-b’yat
kando
|
Many
nights ago, a lot of fierce ants stung the leg of Tarzan. Tarzan with a
stick killed many ants. They were red-head ants.
|
|
|
|
|
Ho-kudu-rand,
Tarzan, ry-balu-den, etarad bundolo-eta sheeta. Meeta tand bund sheeta
|
Many
suns ago, Tarzan with his bow and arrow, tried to kill sheeta, but Meeta
avoided it
|
|
|
|
|
Ho-a-rand,
Tarzan, b’wang gash yut-o un ul Bara. Bara
bund
|
Many
days ago, Tarzan with knife, stab the loin of Bara. Bara died
|
MANGANI GRAMMAR
by Jairo Uparella
|
|
|
|
|
|
BILL
HILLMAN
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